Margaret Chase Smith (1897–1995) was a pioneering American politician who became the first woman to serve in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Born in Skowhegan, Maine, she started her career as a schoolteacher and journalist before entering politics. After the death of her husband, Clyde Smith, a congressman, Margaret won a special election to take his seat in the House, where she served until 1949. She then won a seat in the Senate, where she served from 1949 to 1973, becoming the first woman elected to the Senate without being appointed.

Smith is best known for her courageous “Declaration of Conscience” speech in 1950, in which she criticized Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-communist witch hunts, calling for a return to rational discourse. She was a moderate Republican, supporting national defense, fiscal responsibility, and civil rights.

In 1964, Smith became the first woman to seek a major party’s nomination for president, running in the Republican primary. Though she didn’t win, her candidacy was historic, paving the way for future women in national politics. Smith remained an influential figure in American politics until her retirement and is remembered for her integrity, independence, and advocacy for women’s roles in government.

Her legacy as a trailblazer for women in politics and a champion of integrity and public service endures. She is remembered as a pioneering woman in American politics who challenged gender norms, took principled stands (such as her opposition to McCarthyism), and opened the door for future generations of women in leadership roles. Her courage and independence made her a role model for politicians.

To learn more about the conscientious Margaret Chase Smith, look at the Study Guide, which focuses on her record in Congress and her inspirational dedication to democracy.